Drug Addiction=Disease - 1009 Words

Current Topics in Health 26 November 2012 Drug Addiction a Disease? Drug addiction, a new major phenomenon in our society today. The dependence, compulsive craving of a drug which becomes priority over all other issues in one’s life. We recognize that this issue of drugs and addiction is a growing problem now affecting most in this world. The physical characteristics of addiction would trembling, sweating, loss of appetite, and seizures. Psychological characteristics are harder to define because the person addicted is the one who knows the real struggle. Anyone is susceptible to drugs and becoming addicted. The main people involved in drug addiction is just the individual indulging in the substance and the person who†¦show more content†¦Referring to addiction as a disease we risk expanding the very definition of what a disease truly is, we as a society would have to make new regulations and laws that deal with addicts. It blurs responsibility of the caretakers involved in treatment by forcing or pressuring them to tre at the patient. Although one cannot force a person to go through treatment, only set up and individualized plan and hope the patient follows through and grasps the concept of what they are trying to accomplish, which is to no longer be addicted to harmful substances. The stigma of drug addiction would lead to mistreatment of the impaired, it would be counter productive to the advancement of treatment, and the pressure others would put upon the addict to conform to societal normalcy. My recommendations for further exploration into this issue would be to really examine the ways in which and addict lives his/her daily life compared to a sober individual and also compare both of them to and individual who has turned their life around and discontinued their harmful impulsions. Possibly examine further into how it effects the brain maybe have the patients fill out questioners of how they feel and what they are experiencing, if they would like to continue using the specific drug being tested and how they felt both and after the experiment. I strongly suggest there should beShow MoreRelatedIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or Disease?1480 Words   |  6 Pages Is Drug Addiction a Choice or Disease? Should the cause of addiction rely on people s actions? These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone s doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help one see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. Several people argue whether drug addiction is a disease or a choice. Discussing this argument in hopes to have a better understandingRead MoreIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or A Disease?1743 Words   |  7 PagesIs drug addiction a choice or a disease ? There are two central debates that often arise when speaking of addiction ; either addiction is a disease caused by the brain, or addiction is a matter of weak will. In comparison the disease model would take responsibility away from the addict and place it on biological reasoning ; the weak will model, would ultimately condemn the addict and place blame on the addicts decision making process and thus blame the addict for their behavior. Utilitarian theoryRead MoreDrug Addiction Disease or Choice?2171 Words   |  9 Pages Drug addiction, disease or choice, the National Institution of Drugs Association (NIDA) has determined Drug Addiction a chronic, relapsing brain disease while opposing views debate Drug Addiction as solely a choice controlled voluntarily? Drug addiction is now recognized as a chronic relapsing brain disease expressed in the form of compulsive behaviors. Hence, the estimated economic cost contributed to disease foundations is $181Billion a year? CouldRead MoreDrug Addiction Is A Complex Disease2376 Words   |  10 Pagesaddicted to drugs. It is often mistakenly assumed that drug abusers lack moral principles or willpower and that they could stop using drugs simply by choosing to change their behavior. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is difficult, even for those who are ready to do so. Through scientific ad vances, we know more about how drugs work inRead MoreDrug Addiction: A Brain Controlling Disease823 Words   |  3 Pagesaddicted to drugs. This drug addiction has left a major impact on the brains of each user. Drug addiction is a relapsing brain disease that is characterized by brain malfunction that alters the way the users think and behave. Normal balancing Mechanisms go haywire, allowing the drug to control the brain. Drug addiction has been a major concern for scientist in recent years. With research drug addiction is categorized as a neuron-disease from its large impact on the brain. Drug addiction is a complexRead MoreDrug Addiction, Disease or Choice Essay2115 Words   |  9 PagesGraybeal November 7, 2012 Addiction: A Decision or Disease? Drug and alcohol addiction is a very serious and widespread problem in America, and across the globe. Drug addiction is a constant craving, seeking, and using of a substance, despite the negative consequences it may have on the addict or those around them. When drug use becomes more frequent, it is considered drug abuse. Once an individual’s drug abuse is can no longer be controlled, and they are using the drug to get through everyday lifeRead MoreWhy Alcohol And Drug Addiction Is Considered A Disease964 Words   |  4 PagesOffenders that are frequently arrested for drugs and/ or alcohol should be obligated to participate in a treatment program. Individuals that have a dependency on drugs and or alcohol show a need for treatment programs. On the webpage, Enterhealth: Why Alcohol and Drug Addiction is Considered a Disease, the writers (2008 – 2010) said, addiction is considered a brain disease because alcohol and drugs literally change the brain chemically, structura lly and functionally. Scientist have performed researchesRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Addiction952 Words   |  4 Pagestaking drugs can vary and while the action itself is voluntary: the eventual drug addiction is essentially involuntary. Drug addiction is a complex and chronic disease, a brain disease, which changes the way the brain functions. Drug addiction, much like chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes, disrupts healthy, normal functioning organs. This has harmful consequences that are both preventable and treatable (Branch, 2011, pp.263-265). Drug addiction is considered a brain disease as drugsRead MoreAddiction : Lack Of Will Power Or Brain Disease?1186 Words   |  5 Pages Addiction: Lack of Will Power or Brain Disease? Demonika M. Martin PS101 Introduction to Psychology Park University . I. Introduction Addiction is a disease that continues to fester and destroy individual’s lives. Once an individual is under the influence of drugs they no longer have control over their actions. Drug user’s brains are hijacked and taken on an explosive ride that begins with pleasure and ends in the damage of their brain. â€Å"Drug use is on the rise in this country andRead MoreAddiction: a Three Part Disease1072 Words   |  5 PagesA. English 1301-Composition M-W 1:30 pm – 2:50 pm Ricardo Ballinas Addiction: A Three Part Disease October 1st, 2012 Sue Wright Addiction: A Three Part Disease Addiction can be separated into three categories: mind (neurological), body (physical), and spirit (psychological). Within in this breakdown addiction can possibly be explained and properly understood. In order to better understand addiction as a disease as opposed to a moral dilemma it first must be broken down. First you must

What’s Gone Wrong with the Third Italy Free Essays

string(137) " the harsh reality of such a business type: poor working conditions and safety conditions, longer work hours and low paid working hours\." Msc BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS CONTENT Introduction p. 3 Early glitches of the SMEs within the industrial districts p. 5 Analysis of two of the regional clusters at stake p. We will write a custom essay sample on What’s Gone Wrong with the Third Italy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 6 What went wrong? p. 7 Concluding remarks p. 9 References p. 10 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to determine to which extent the economic areas known as ’Third Italy’ have not managed to achieve the well-desired status. The local development model has been presented as the perfect small-scale flexible capitalist type that has adopted a post-Fordist mode of production (Grancelli, 2007). The economic cluster referred to as Third Italy, was founded in the post-war period (1950s and 1960s) when the global economy was going through hard times of recovery. In the north-east part of Italy a new type of firms was developed. The question may be put why didn’t the other two important industrialized districts known as First Italy (the industrial heartland of the North) and the Second Italy (the backward South) have become the regions of wealth and economic growth. The answer lies primarily in the cultural values: the local culture of entrepreneurship and cooperation (Boschma, 1998) that to some extent doesn’t apply for other Italian regions. The following figure displays accurately the industrial zone of Italy: According to Bagnasco (1977) from a economic point of view Italy was divided into the ’Three Italies’: the North-west, the big companies, was tagged as ’central economy’, the shallow regions of the South seen as ’marginal economy’ and the central-North-eastern regions- known as Third Italy- haracterized by the presence of small firms that are defined as ’peripheral economy’. Nonetheless, the way in which the Third Italy region was defined didn’t hide the real facts; when compared to the North-west typology, productivity per worker and work unit-costs were sensibly lower. But this didn’t disable the central-north-east cluster to have a significant development pr ocess that is confirmed by: a reduction of agricultural employees, an increase in manufacturing workers, growth in resident population, and an upward trend in Italy’s industrial national product (Bianchi, 1998). The â€Å"Third Italy† region, also referred to as Emilia-Romagna, forms a north-eastern group of counties that propelled themselves to a position of prosperity between the relatively wealthy north-western triangle of Italy and the relatively impoverished Mezzagiorno region south of Rome (Walcott, 2007). Localized production centres utilize export-oriented niche specializations to create place-based economies supporting local firms. Related residents supply both low labour costs and endogenously accumulated capital. Light industrial products include foods, clothing, shoes, furniture, and metal work for a craft-based market. Building on a textiles and leather goods specialization, that demands rapid responses to a notoriously fickle fashion market, familial and other locally forged trust-based ties enabled local star â€Å"Benetton† to become an international fashion retail chain. Knowledge of the local market was so finely tuned that offerings were famously differentiated even within the same city (Walcott, 2007). External economies of place propelled tightly organized local regions to maximize returns based on clearly defined sectoral specialization. In one example clearly defying physical topography, Silicon Valley imitators sprang up around the globe as hopeful high technology havens. A real estate set-aside does not an industrial district make, however (Walcott, 2007). Early glitches of the SMEs within the industrial districts In the early 1990s the one of the menacing forces against the Italian industrial clusters was the post-industrial transition. The internationalization of the economy endangers the developing process of small-scale firms. One good argument is the external market that provides expanded multinational, multi-product, multi-market companies (Holland, 1987). Even if the European Union is trying to help out these businesses by adopting policies and programmes the structural problems are not accurately aimed (Dastoli and Vilella, 1992: 179). Firms part of the Italian industrial district were running short of breath confirming that the market by its self regulation has launched an attack to the ’small is beautiful’ saying. Innovation plays a key part in the life of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from the industrial clusters. It is noticed a decline in the importance of factors sources of external economies) that empowered the initial outset of the firms. The long used external sources were starting to lose grip in the face of the needed environmental efficiency (Bianchi, 1998). The changes that had to be performed weren’t a walk in the park. According to Bianchi (1990): the local entrepreneurs’ social culture and the past history successes disable the belief of urgent innovation investment. Also, economic barriers have prohibited small firms to access the large scale research and development, marketing and etc. (Regini and Sabel, 1989). Furthermore, two additional problems sprung up from the innovation process that need to be taken into consideration: ’product innovation’ in those zone of production with a highly design content that subtracts the formal innovation side rather than the technological innovation, because the first one includes creativity, imagination and taste, factors that are not easily obtained in business-set like this. The other difficulty is process innovation meaning that adopting a higher technological labour focused system would both increase productivity and decrease costs (Bianchi, 1998). Hadjimicalis (Hadjimicalis, 2006) introduces a set of arguments that could nevertheless be the real ones behind Third Italy’s downturn. ’The lack of attention to the role of state’ implies the obsolete focus on different direct and indirect protectionist measures and regulations as in the work of radicals Stoper (1997) and Scott (1988). The most important protectionist measures as the Multi-Fibre Agreement that went in favour for Italy’s blooming manufacturing industries. The regulatory decisions have protected Italy along with other countries from ’unlimited competition’ in garments and textiles from the menacing low waged countries in the Eastern part of the world. Another governmental intervention was the fiscal regulation which consisted the hedging the exchange rates for the lira due to the devaluations throughout the 20th century and one of them when Euro currency was adopted in 2001. An interesting fact is that all those authors that supported the theories behind Third Italy industrial clusters as (Asheim 1999, Becattini 1990, Cooke 1988) haven’t seen the harsh reality of such a business type: poor working conditions and safety conditions, longer work hours and low paid working hours. You read "What’s Gone Wrong with the Third Italy" in category "Papers" All the other specific characteristics of the small-scale enterprises from the region as: flexibility, innovation and embbededness of small firms (Hadjimichalis, 2006). Another term that was used to explain the success of Italian IDs is ’social capital’. It is the theoretical concept that has been used by various authors. A good perspective is seen through the lenses of Hadjimichalis: ’From individuals to communities, from firms to families, from cooperation to competition, from working conditions to unions, from trust and reciprocity to corruption and from the success to the failure of a place, all are called social capital’, this explaining clearly the real trend of firms within the Italian industrial clusters. Analysis of two of the regional clusters at stake The most remarkable evolution oscillations can be outlined in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto provinces, where ’industrialisation without breaks’ (Fua,1983) was followed by a third party strategy ’without breaks’ which means that the regions have gained the prestige of stability organisms within the frontier of national development. The Piedmont and Lombardy are also good examples for the comparative advantage of their early launch and the lasting predominance of their industries provided the solid foundations for a strong post-industrial transition (Bianchi, 1998). Tuscany, on the other hand, has badly faced up to the need to restructure during the 1980s. Its historical memory describes best the anti-industrial attitude of its ruling class. Differences between the two provinces within the Third Italy are clear. The Emilia-Romagna’s type of industrial development is seen as unique and deeply rooted in the region’s culture and entrepreneurial activity (Heidenreich, 1996) and when compared to Tuscany’s inability to cope with a model of development that seems inapplicable to the case. Table 1 underlines the two differences in between the two regions described above. What went wrong? The industrial district of Third Italy (IDs) have suffered severe changes during the early 1990s because of the demand fall for Made in Italy products along with the emergence of new lower waged Eastern Europe companies and developing countries (Grancelli,2006). The active devaluation of the lira due to the euro introduction had a significant impact on the upward trend of Italian exports. The small-scale enterprises that have set a foothold into the creation of the so-called Third Italy region, were basically family businesses which put all into a network bowl had formed the leading industrial area of Italy and a model to follow on by the emerging countries. Following the same idea it could be said that the demographic decline has started a process of ’social construction of the market’ (Bagnasco ;amp; Triglia 1984; Dei Ottati 1995; Provasi 2002). The financial global crisis has put its fingerprint on the actual Italian industrial districts, but those enterprises that could jump incremental innovation and ensure a competitive position globally had somewhat survived the impact (Whitford, 2001). The latter example of firms shows that they have created vertically integrated organizational blueprints, and made foreign direct investments in contrast to the swept out firms that have just relocated part of their production (Grancelli, 2006) to low pay working force or to attract foreign workers in the home production facilities. According to Hadjimichailis (2006) : The erosion of the Italian industrial clusters was made through: ’ Relocation of production in Eastern Europe in search of low labour costs’ and this gave birth to: a severe increase in unemployment percentages and adding the hiring of immigrant workers within the Italian borders. Hadjimichailis (2006) also introduces the ’bloody Taylorism’ term which is used in relation to the destination markets of the Italian entrepeneurs, Eastern Europe countries. This is used in connection to the SMEs of Veneto which were thought to re-establish Fordist factories due to delocalization processes. One example is the relocated production quotas abroad which ranged from 23% to 45% that resulted in a decrease of 28% of employment, 38% of production units in the region. This being said, the following concluding remarks could be made: ’Fordism is not only alive and well at the global scale, but it also returns as a solution to Italian firms’ from the industrial clusters, which were the models of flexibility and industrial district mythology (Hadjimichailis, 2006 : 95). The eastern slide of some of the sub-contractors from the Third Italy confirms the ideology that coordination between subsidiaries abroad and the parent company could not be only made through tacit knowledge of skilled workers and technicians remains an important factor even in a globally set value chain (Biggero, 2006). Those actors that have relocated their business into the Eastern part of Europe, Romania or other Balkan countries are seen as ’extroverted actors’ that also maintained relations within the home country district (Tappy, 2005). An important technological disequilibrium was introduced in the late 1960s – plastic materials for ski boots – by the lively research of external knowledge through some of leading firms. Another challenge of the north-eastern industrial clusters is the superior technological level of the products and putting a foot in the door of appealing mergers and acquisitions. Old, traditional and family driven businesses that are identified within the Third Italy areas need to see the ever changing strategy patterns as to going from a production to design phase which could attract cost diminishing (Cooke, 1998). It must not be neglected the power created by the tight bonded social network that has nurtured its roots for more than 50 years and before de ’90s has raised economic analysts’ eye browses throughout the world. Concluding remarks In order to survive, Italian industrial districts need to be fulfilling the following two conditions: their social and geographical division of labour remains globally competitive as compared to similar areas, sectors and other forms of industrial production, and their internal system of social reproduction remains unchallenged. Hadjimichalis, 2006) Mergers and acquisitions with famous brand names could be live threats for the small business embedded firms from the industrial zones of Italy. The power of Fordism has not dawned; in fact there is an increase of business deployment using this theory mainly in the Eastern countries. De-localization breaks the mesmerizing effect of small-scale flexible companies and builds up the multinational comp any picture having vertical integrated characteristics. The presence of a huge wave of non-EU immigrants also changes the parameters of the Third Italy’s rather stable local social structure, with a cap on immigrations that could preserve craft traditions and the reproduction of skills. Even though ’Third Italy’ concept is turning ethereal, the back stage offers the resources, specific capabilities and core competencies developed throughout the years by the district firms to achieve competitive advantage in their markets but also to allow their sub-parts within the industrial system (Schiavone, 2004). As theories claim Third Italy revolves around the social capital theories that also could be a driver for economic performance (Granato et al. , 1996). In addition to too little social capital, too much social capital could have a negative impact on economic performance (Boschma and Lambooy, 2002). Finally, it could be assumed that the process of rethinking and reorienting of Third Italy’s entrepreneurial and family based firms has done a significant change to whole industrial aggregate. References Asheim B. (1999), â€Å" Interactive learning and localized knowledge in globalising learning economies†. Geojournal 49(4):345–352 Bagnasco, A. ,Trigilia, C. (eds) (1984), â€Å" Societa e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa: Il caso di Bassano, Venezia: Arsenale Editrice. agnasco†, A. ,Trigilia, C. (eds) (1984), Societa e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa: Il caso di Bassano, Venezia: Arsenale Editrice. Becattini G. , (1990) â€Å"The Marchallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion. In F Pyke, G Becattini and W Sengerberger (eds) Industrial Districts and the Interfirm Co-operation in Italy† (pp 132–142). Geneva: ILO Bianchi, G. (1998), â€Å"Requiem for the Third Italy? Rise and fall of a too successful concept†, Entrepeneurship;amp; Regional Development, 10 (1998), 93-116. Biggero, L. (2006), â€Å"Industrial and knowledge delocation strategies under the challenges of globalization and digitalization: the move of small and medium enterprises among territorial systems† , Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 18: 443-471 Boschma, R. A. , and Lambooy, J. G. 2002. â€Å" Knowledge, market structure and economic co-ordination: the dynamics of industrial districts. Growth and Change† 33 (3): 291-311. Boschma, Ron A. , Kloosterman R. C. (1998), â€Å"Learning from Clusters: A Critical Assessment†,  © 2005 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 139–168. Cooke P. , (1988) â€Å" Flexible integration, scope economies and strategic alliances: Social and spatial mediation†. Society and Space 6:281–300 Cooke P. , Morgan, K. (1998), â€Å" The Associational Economy†, Oxford: O. U. P. Dastoli, P. V. and Viclla, G. 1992â€Å" La Nuova Europa. Dalla Comunita all’ Unione (Bologna: II Mulino) † Dei Ottati, G. (1995), â€Å"Tra mercato e comunita: Aspetti concettuali e ricerche empiriche sul distretto industriale†, Milano: F. Angeli. Fua, G. and C. Zacchia (1983) (a cura di), â€Å" Industrializzazione senza fratture, Bologna: Il Mulino†. Granato, J. , Inglehart, R. , and Leblang, D. (1996). â€Å"The effect of cultural values on economic development. Theory, hypotheses, and some empirical testsâ€Å". American Journal of Political Sciences 40 (3): 607-631 Grancelli, B. , Chiesi A. M. (2006), â€Å"Elites-in-the-making and their organizational behaviour: Cases in Russia and the Balkans†, in B. Dallago (ed. ), Transformation and European Integration. The Local Dimension, London: Palgrave. Holland, S. 1987), â€Å"The Market Economy, From Micro- To Meso-Economics† ( London: Weidenfeld ;amp; Nicholson). Hadjimichalis, C. (2006), â€Å"The End of Third Italy as we knew it ? â€Å", Editorial Board of Antipode. Published by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA Heidenreich, M. 1996 â€Å"Beyond flexible specialization : the rearrangement of regional production orders in Emilia-Romagna and Baden-Wurttemberg†, European Planning Studies, 4: 401-420 Makdisi S. , Casarino C. , Karl R. E. , â€Å"Marxism Beyond Marxism† Routledge, London, 1996, pg. 155 Provasi, G. (2002) (Ed. ), â€Å"Le istituzioni dello sviluppo, Roma: Donzelli Regini, M. and Sabel†, C. 1989 Strategic di riaggiustamento industriale (Bologna: II Mulino). Schiavone ,F. , Dezi L. (2004), â€Å"Managerial Styles within an Italian Industrial District:Two different successful storiesâ€Å" Scott A and Storper M (1988) â€Å"The geographical foundations and social regulation offlexible production complexes†. In J Wolch and M Dear (eds) The Power of Geography (pp 21–40). London: Allen and Unwin Storper M (1997) â€Å"The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy†. New York: Guilford Tappi, D. 2005) â€Å"Cluster, adaptation and extroversion. A cognitive and entrepreneurial analysis of the Marche music cluster†, European Urban and Regional Studies, 12/3: 289- 307. Walcott, Susan M. (2007) â€Å"Wenzhou and the Third Italy: Entrepreneurial Model Regions†, Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 8: 3, 23 — 35 Wh itford, J. (2001), â€Å"The decline of a model? Challenge and response in the Italian industrial districts†, Economy and Society, 30/1: 38-65. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Theory that appeared after the ‘Fordism’ period in which a mass consumer was targeted, products standardized and costs lowered. Post-Fordism’ is characterized by ‘flexible specialization’ based on dense networks of flexible, strongly related, mostly small and medium-sized firms in mainly craft-based industries that are concentrated in specialised industrial districts(Boschma,1998). [ 2 ]. Copyright 2010 privileges set. [ 3 ]. SME-small and medium enterprises [ 4 ]. Putnam’s work on Italy (1993), Porter’s on clusters (1998) [ 5 ]. (Casarino, 1996) – After the Industrial Revolution, a mechanical engineer called Frederick W. Taylor proposed a new way to organ ize factories and shop floors with what he called the â€Å"Scientific Management†. How to cite What’s Gone Wrong with the Third Italy, Papers

The Eiffel Tower Essay Example For Students

The Eiffel Tower Essay The Eiffel TowerThe Eiffel tower is the trademark of Paris,France. With the tower being 984ft, its kind of hard not to noticeit. The tower has a restaurant, radio and television transmitterand more. Gustave A. Eiffel created the tower to enter it in theworlds fair. It was made with wrought iron and had medium wind resistance. Gustave started in 1889 and completed in 1910. Gustave A. Eiffel created the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel oversaw the construction with such success that in 1866 he foundedhis own company and soon became known for his wrought iron structures. Starting in 1872 he attracted foreign contracts, and in 1877 he createdover the Douro River in Porto, Portugal, a steel arch bridge 525 ft inheight. The Eiffel Tower is a landmark and an earlyexample of wrought-iron construction on a gigantic scale. It wasdesigned and built by the French civil engineer Gustave Alexandre Eiffelfor the Paris Worlds Fair of 1889. The tower, without its modernbroadcasting antennae, is 984 ft high. The lower section consistsof four immense arched legs set on masonry piers. The legs curveinward until they unite in a single tapered tower. Platforms, eachwith an observation deck, are at three levels; on the first is also a restaurant. The tower, constructed of about 7000 tons of iron, has stairs and elevators. A meteorological station, a radio communications station, and a televisiontransmission antenna, as well as a suite of rooms that were used by Eiffelare located near the top of the tower. Eiffels work combined expert craftsmanshipand graceful design. Completed in 1884, it was for a time the highestbridge in the world, winning Eiffels factory a worldwide reputation forexcellence. Eiffel cast Frederic Auguste Bartholdis colossal statueLiberty Enlightening the World, which was dedicated in New York in 1886. Soon after, he began work on his greatest project, the building of theEiffel Tower. It was completed in 1889 for the celebration of thecentennial of the French Revolution (1789-1799). Eiffel was not apopular man when he started building the huge steel-frame tower that wouldoverlook Paris. The structure was just too different and the critics didntlike it at all. In 1887, the leading artists of Paris signed a petitionto have what they regarded as a monstrosity torn down immediately. Fortunately for Paris, their call was ignored. And though Parisians didntlike it at first, they began to grow fond of the structure they initiallycalled a Cyclops and a skeleton. The Eiffel Tower was completed in1889, just in time to show off for the Worlds Fair, being held that yearin Paris. The tower was also a sign of things to come. Eiffel wastaking full advantage of a new building material, structural steel. Withit he took the first step in creating what would become the modern skyscraper. The imposing tower-constructed of 7,000tons of iron in 18,000 parts held together by 2,500,000 rivets rises toa height of 984 ft and continues to dominate the Paris skyline. Inthe early 1890s Eiffel gave up the daily management of his business andbecame absorbed in the new science of aerodynamics. Emile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin, thetwo chief engineers in Eiffels company, had the idea for a very tall towerin June 1884. It was to be designed like a large pylon with four columnsof lattice work girders, separated at the base and coming together at thetop, and joined to each other by more metal girders at regular intervals. The company had by this time mastered perfectly the principle of buildingbridge supports. The tower project was a bold extension of this principleup to a height of 300 meters, equivalent to the symbolic figure of 1000ft. On September 18 1884 Eiffel registered a patent for a new figurationallowing the construction of metal supports and pylons capable of exceedinga height of 300 meters. .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 , .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .postImageUrl , .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 , .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:hover , .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:visited , .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:active { border:0!important; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:active , .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570 .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue49d31bd7368cb54d75325f6dfd04570:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canterbury EssayEiffels clockwork precision had enabledhim not only to meet his deadline, but to build the structure with theloss of only one life, that of a worker who fell from the first platformwhile apparently showing off for his girlfriend after the bell had soundedending the working day. The Eiffel tower is the trademark for Paris. Even though The people of Paris didnt like the tower, they got to likeit, so did the tourist. Then they found out about the good transmittingwith the radio and the television. Now the Eiffel tower is a majortourist attraction, and one of the best standing structures in the world.